“Vertical Integration and Technological Innovation”. Journal of Marketing 51: 71-82.Īrmour, Henry O. “International Market Entry and Expansion via Independent or Integrated Channels of Distribution”. Rand Journal of Economics 15: 385-395.Īnderson, Erin and A.T. “Integration of the Sales Force: An Empirical Examination”. Marketing Science 4: 234-254.Īnderson, Erin and David C. “The Salesperson as Outside Agent or Employee: A Transaction Cost Analysis”. American Economic Review 62: 777-795.Īnderson, Erin. “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 84: 488-500.Īlchian, Armen A. “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īkerlof, George A. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Standard and Poor’s estimates total worldwide outsourcing for 2003 at $170 billion.

manufacturing and service companies are increasingly contracting with specialized information technology firms for their computing and data warehousing needs, spending $7.2 billion on outsourced computer operations in 1990.

Others are much more specialized: Dell Computer outsources virtually all its hardware and software components, selling directly to end users through its catalog and website, while the shoe company Reebok owns no manufacturing plants, relying on outside suppliers to make its products. 393–94) words, “does the entrepreneur not organize one less transaction or one more?” Some firms are highly integrated: IBM, for example, produces many of its components and software and maintains its own sales force for mainframe computers. The Coasian framework helps explain not only the existence of the firm, but also its size and scope.

The “transaction cost” theory of the firm introduced by Coase (1937) has become a standard framework for the study of institutional arrangements.

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